Fig. 1From: Kinematic difference between a biological cell and an artificial vesicle in a strong DC electric field – a “shell” membrane model studyThe spherical vesicle/cell model and the spherical coordinate system (r, θ, ϕ). The vesicle/cell model includes three homogenous, isotropic regions: the extracellular medium, the membrane, and the cytoplasm. The axis of the electric field overlaps with the OZ axisBack to article page